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Copyright (c) 2025 Nagham Hadi Alrikabi, Hajer Chemingui, Amor Hafiane, Soheir N. Abd El-Rahman, Madiha Kamoun
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The undersigned hereby assign all rights, included but not limited to copyright, for this manuscript to CMB Association upon its submission for consideration to publication on Cellular and Molecular Biology. The rights assigned include, but are not limited to, the sole and exclusive rights to license, sell, subsequently assign, derive, distribute, display and reproduce this manuscript, in whole or in part, in any format, electronic or otherwise, including those in existence at the time this agreement was signed. The authors hereby warrant that they have not granted or assigned, and shall not grant or assign, the aforementioned rights to any other person, firm, organization, or other entity. All rights are automatically restored to authors if this manuscript is not accepted for publication.Impact of smoking and environmental toxins on diabetic retinopathy: role of trace elements, lipid profiles, and vitamin A
Corresponding Author(s) : Madiha Kamoun
Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Vol. 71 No. 7: Issue 7
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of adult blindness, is influenced by physiological factors such as lipid profiles, vitamin A, and trace elements, as well as environmental factors like smoking. This study investigated the relationship between HbA1C, glucose levels, trace elements (lead, zinc, selenium, magnesium), vitamin A, and lipid profiles (TC, TG, HDL, LDL, VLDL) in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and DR patients, considering the impact of smoking. The study, conducted at Nasiriya General Hospital and the Center for Endocrinology and Diabetes (May 2023–March 2024), included three age groups (15–35, 35–55, and 55–75 years) divided into smokers and non-smokers. Results showed significantly higher glucose, HbA1C, lipid and selenium levels in T2D and DR patients compared to controls (p≤0.05), with smokers exhibiting greater lead levels. Zinc and vitamin A were significantly lower in DR patients, particularly among smokers. The findings highlight smoking as a source of lead and other toxins that exacerbate DR and diabetes-related complications, emphasizing the critical link between environmental health and chronic disease management.
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