Cellular and Molecular Biology

Innovative capsulation and microencapsulation of plant hormones: a strategy to combat plant pathogens

Masoumeh Ghorbani — 2025-01-12

One of the prevailing trends in contemporary agriculture is the application of biological control. Nevertheless, several reports suggest that biocontrol bacteria exhibit poor survival rates in host plants. Consequently, the concept of shielding biological control agents by encapsulating them in outer coatings has gained popularity. Several techniques, including extrusion, spray drying, and emulsification, have been introduced to encapsulate biocontrol bacteria. Much research has focused on the preparation of suitable synthetic hormone products capable of influencing plant growth and development in agriculture. The most effective approach to address this demand is through controlled release systems. One of these techniques involves encapsulating growth hormones. The encapsulation procedure must adhere to crucial standards such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and provision for sustained viability and performance. Nonetheless, it is essential to conduct further research on the consequences of encapsulation and targeted release in organic farming systems. The creation of a novel composition grounded on biodegradable polymers has the potential to enhance the volume and quality of agricultural yields significantly. The current investigation endeavors to scrutinize the encapsulation of plant hormones and microencapsulation and their effectiveness in counteracting plant pathogens.

CircRNAs in extracellular vesicles associated with triple-negative breast cancer

Ashraf Ahmed Qurtam — 2025-01-12

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a highly aggressive cancer with distant metastasis. Accumulated evidence has demonstrated that exosomes are involved in TNBC metastasis. Elucidating the mechanism underlying TNBC metastasis has important clinical significance. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) present a promising avenue for diagnosing and treating triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) through a technique called "liquid biopsy," offering a new wellspring of biomarkers. These tiny lipid bilayer vesicles, released by most cells, carry a diverse array of RNA molecules that can influence the behaviour of recipient cells. Among these, circular RNAs (circRNAs) have emerged as a subtype of noncoding RNAs capable of modulating gene expression by sponging microRNAs, thus playing crucial roles in various aspects of cancer development and progression, including TNBC. Despite their significance, our understanding of circRNAs involvement in TNBC remains incomplete. However, studies have shown that circRNAs are abundant in EVs, with exosomal circRNAs (exo-circRNAs) particularly influential in cancer biology. These exo-circRNAs can be taken up by neighboring or distant cells, impacting numerous aspects of their physiological states, thereby enhancing cell communication and tumor dissemination. This review provides an overview of EVs key characteristics and functions before delving into exo-circRNAs potential roles in driving or suppressing TNBC, as well as their implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring.

Chemical characterization of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) leaf essential oil and evaluation of its antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant activities

Hakim Haj Moussa — 2025-01-12

This study investigates the chemical composition of the essential oil (EO) extracted by hydrodistillation from dry Eucalyptus leaves (Eucalyptus globulus) and its antifungal, antibacterial and antioxidant potential. The Eucalyptus leaves were harvested in the commune of Seraïdi (north-eastern Algeria). Chemical analysis carried out by chromatography coupled with mass spectrophotometry (GC-SM) revealed the presence of 20 molecules representing approximately 100% of the overall component, with a yield of 1.58%. This oil is composed mainly of linalool (30.09%), followed by b-Linalyl oxide (13.93%), Camphor (12.09%), 1,8-Cineole=eucalyptol (10.95%) and Bergamol (10.03%). Other constituents were identified at relatively medium (Epoxylinalol - 8.82%, Borneol - 5.71%) and low (alpha-Terpinol - 1.11) levels. This result shows that this EO differs from those usually extracted from eucalyptus leaves because it is of linalool chemotype and not eucalyptol. The determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) was carried out to evaluate the antifungal activity of Eucalyptus EO on the growth of Fusarium roseum mycelium. The values recorded are 2500µg/ml for the MIC and 4000µg/ml for the MFC. The results obtained revealed an antifungal activity of this oil for practically all doses applied against Fusarium mycelial proliferation despite the low reported levels of 1,8-cineole compared to the other components. The antibacterial activity against the Pseudomonas savastanoi strain was also examined which revealed effectiveness of this oil. In parallel, the DPPH test revealed a moderate antioxidant activity of the studied EO compared to Vit C with an IC50 17mg/ml probably due to its components’ antagonistic or synergistic effect.

Identification of significant SNPs for yield-related salt tolerant traits in rice through genome-wide association analysis

Farzana Mustafa Era — 2025-01-12

Rice salt tolerance is highly anticipated to meet global demand in response to decreasing farmland and soil salinization. Therefore, dissecting the genetic loci controlling salt tolerance in rice for improving productivity is of utmost importance. Here, we evaluated six salt-tolerance-related traits of a biparental mapping population comprising 280 F2 rice individuals (Oryza sativa L.) at the seedling and reproductive stages. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify marker-trait associations under artificially induced salt stress using the 1K RICA chip (Agriplex Genomics, Cedar Avenue, Suite 250, Cleveland, 011444106, USA). We have identified 8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) representing eight genomic regions on chromosomes 5, 8, 9, and 10. These were significantly associated with the six salt-tolerance-related traits, no. of tillers per plant (TPP), effective tillers per plant (ETP), spikelet fertility percentage (SFP), field grain number (FGN), grain length breadth ratio (LBR) and thousand-grain weight (TGW). FGN has two significant SNPs (SNP0758 and SNP0759) on Chromosome 9, whereas SFP on chromosomes 8 and 12 (SNP1127 and SNP0966, respectively). Similarly, for TPP (SNP0796), a significant SNP was detected on chromosome 10, and for ETP (SNP0414) on chromosome 5. Two significant SNPs were found in chromosome 12 for LBR (SNP0920) and TGW (SNP0976). Based on all loci, we screened 3 possible candidate genes in chromosomes 8, 9, and 12 between the genomic region of SNP0920 and SNP1127 under salt stress. Interestingly, these genes were involved in protein coding, none of which was previously reported as being involved in plant salt tolerance. Further, the genetic relationship between the mapping population and population structure was classified by STRUCTURE v 2.3. Genotypes with ≥ 80% of shared ancestry were explained into two major clusters (I and II), and < 80% of shared ancestry were categorized as admixtures. An unrooted alpha was developed by TASSEL 5.0, dividing the genotypes into three major groups where 97 individuals were in Cluster 1, cluster 2 consisted of 93 individuals, and the remaining Cluster 3 included 90 individuals. A kinship matrix developed from 860 SNPs indicated group formation and more substantial relatedness among the genotypes with a red zone. Our findings provide valuable information for enhancing the understanding of complicated salt tolerance mechanisms in rice seedlings and the identified candidates potentially used for breeding salt-tolerant genotypes.

Pharmacognistic, proximate and phytochemical analysis of stem of Cistanche tubulosa (Schenck) Hook. F.

Maryum Nousheen — 2025-01-12

A medicinal plant is any plant that in one or more of its organs contains substances that can be used by it or their constituent for therapeutic purposes. The present work was done to evaluate pharmacognostic, fluorescence, proximate and phytochemical analysis of ethanolic extracts of Cistanche tubulosa (Orobanchaceae) along with antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity against four bacterial strains S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, S. typhi along with five fungal strains such as F. oxyfurum, P. notatum, Candida albicans, A. fumigatus, and A. niger evaluate using agar well diffusion method. The powder drug study of various tissues of plants revealed higher concentrations (20.29 mg/l) of essential macro and micronutrients. Fluorescence analysis of the stem powdered with various chemical reagents showed different colors. Proximate analysis showed the presence of crude substances such as proteins (8.5 %), fat (1.5 %), fibres (6.6 %), carbohydrates (73.87 %), moisture contents (3.23 %) and ash contents (6.3 %) respectively. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of carbohydrates, proteins and dozen other important secondary metabolites. The presence of these bioactive constituents associated with the antimicrobial activity of S. aureus showed the maximum zone of inhibition (15.1 ± 3.7 mm), while in antifungal activity C. albicans showed the highest zone of inhibition (11.0 ± 3.15 mm). The pharmacognostic study, fluorescence analysis and antimicrobial activity are helpful in the standardization of the drug establishing a good support for the use of C. tubulosa in traditional medicine.

Association between extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1) gene polymorphisms (rs3834087 and rs3754217) and Hepatitis B Virus evolution in an African cohort

Lassina Traore — 2025-01-12

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a significant cause of liver disease and cancer worldwide. Understanding the genetic factors influencing HBV evolution is crucial for developing effective prevention and treatment strategies. Host genetic and environmental factors particularly influence the evolution of this infection. Recent studies have implicated the ECM1 gene in HBV pathogenesis, mainly two specific polymorphisms (rs3834087 and rs3754217). In an African cohort, we comprehensively analyzed these ECM1 gene polymorphisms and their association with HBV evolution.In this case-control analysis, 167 samples, consisting of 59 controls and 108 cases, were examined. The cases included 50 patients with Chronic Hepatitis B(CHB), 16 with cirrhosis, and 42 with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Genomic DNA extraction was executed using INVITROGEN and FAVORGEN kits. Genotyping of rs3834087 and rs3754217 polymorphisms in the ECM1 gene was accomplished via real-time PCR on the QuantStudioTM 5 Real-Time instrument, followed by allelic discrimination using TaqMan Genotyper Software. Data was interpreted using SPSS version 20 and Epi info version 7.5.2.0. Odds ratios (OR), confidence intervals (CI), and p-values were derived for risk and significance evaluation.In our study, the heterozygous genotype (GT) of rs3754217 could confer protection to controls against the onset of chronic hepatitis in the event of infection (OR=0.05; CI=0.006-0.46; p=0.002). In addition, carriage of mutated alleles of the two (2) polymorphisms was associated with the course of infection and may influence the appearance of severe forms at certain stages of the disease.Our study is the first to assess the association between polymorphisms (rs3834087 and rs3754217) in the ECM1 gene and the course of HBV infection in Burkina Faso. It showed that combining specific genotypes of the two (2) polymorphisms would be associated with protection against chronic hepatitis.

Functional analysis of the PIP5K1A gene in Liaoning Cashmere goats: an investigation based on bioinformatics, tissue localization, and biological functions

Mei Jin — 2025-01-12

Liaoning cashmere goat is an outstanding breed in China primarily for cashmere production, with strict controls against genetic outflow. Melatonin(MT) is a key factor affecting cashmere growth, and preliminary transcriptome sequencing indicated that melatonin upregulates the expression of the PIP5K1A gene in skin fibroblasts. To predict the physicochemical properties of PIP5K1A in Liaoning cashmere goats, ascertain the tissue localization of PIP5K1A in their skin, and explore the role and mechanism of PIP5K1A in the proliferation of skin fibroblasts. This aims to provide new insights into improving the yield and quality of cashmere. Bioinformatics software was used to predict the physicochemical properties, hydrophobicity, signal peptides, transmembrane regions, secondary structure, subcellular localization, and conserved sites of PIP5K1A, and to construct a phylogenetic tree for the PIP5K1A gene across different species. siRNA technology was employed to interfere with PIP5K1A in skin fibroblasts; lentiviral vector construction techniques were used to overexpress PIP5K1A in skin fibroblasts; Western blot analysis detected changes in protein expression in cells; RT-qPCR was used to detect changes in gene expression; cell viability was assessed using the CCK-8 method; hair follicle structure was observed by HE staining; and immunohistochemistry was used to detect the distribution of PIP5K1A in skin hair follicles. The PIP5K1A gene in Liaoning cashmere goats encodes 573 amino acids, classified as a soluble unstable protein without signal peptides or transmembrane regions; its secondary structure is primarily random coil; it contains one conserved domain - PIPKc superfamily. Phylogenetic analysis of the PIP5K1A gene from different species shows that goats have the closest kinship with sheep. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that PIP5K1A is specifically expressed in the outer root sheath of hair follicles; melatonin promotes the expression of the PIP5K1A gene and protein level; overexpression of PIP5K1A can promote cell proliferation, whereas interference with PIP5K1A significantly reverses melatonin-induced cell proliferation; after overexpressing PIP5K1A, the expression levels of chi-miR-34c-5p and chi-miR-novel-86 are downregulated. Conclusion: PIP5K1A is located in the outer root sheath of skin hair follicles in Liaoning Cashmere Goats. Overexpression of PIP5K1A can promote the proliferation of skin fibroblasts, interference with PIP5K1A can significantly reverse cell proliferation induced by melatonin, and PIP5K1A can regulate the expression of chi-miR-34c-5p and chi-miR-novel-86 in skin fibroblasts of Liaoning cashmere goats.

Inhibition of RIPK1-driven necroptosis ameliorates inflammatory hyperalgesia caused by lipopolysaccharide: involvement of TLR-, NLRP3-, and caspase-11-mediated signaling pathways

Seda Kurt — 2025-01-12

Increasing evidence suggests that inhibition of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase (RIPK) 1/RIPK3/mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) necrosome has protective effects in vivo models of painful conditions seen in humans associated with inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system. However, the contribution of RIPK1-driven necroptosis to inflammatory pain remains unknown. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of necrostatin (Nec) -1s, a selective RIPK1 inhibitor, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory pain and related underlying mechanisms. In the saline-, LPS-, and/or Nec-1s-injected male mice, thermal hyperalgesia was evaluated by hot plate test. Alterations in the expression of proteins involved in the RIPK1, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, myeloid differentiation factor (MyD) 88/toll-interleukin (IL)-1 receptor domain-containing adapter-inducing interferon-β (TRIF)/nuclear factor (NF)-kB, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain containing (NLRP) 3/apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (ASC)/pro-caspase-1, and caspase-11/gasdermin D (GSDMD) signaling pathways, as well as proteins related to demyelination and remyelination in the brain and spinal cord were determined by the immunoblotting method. The LPS-induced alleviation of thermal hyperalgesia was prevented by necrostatin-1s. Necrostatin-1s reversed (1) increased activity of RIPK1, RIPK3, MLKL, and NF-kB p65, (2) enhanced expression of TLR4, MyD88, TRIF, NF-kB p65, HMGB1, NLRP3, ASC, caspase-1 p20, IL-1β, caspase-11 p20, p30-GSDMD, and semaphorin 3A, and (3) diminished myelin PLP expression induced by LPS. These findings suggest that the use of RIPK1 inhibitors could be a therapeutic approach in the management of inflammatory pain associated with necroptosis, pyroptosis, and demyelination.

Diagnosis and molecular characterization of three allexiviruses infecting garlic crop in Saudi Arabia

Muhammad Amir — 2025-01-12

Forty-four samples of garlic plants showing virus-like symptoms were collected, during the growing season (2021-2022) from different locations in Qassim province, Saudi Arabia. These samples were analyzed by ELISA against the important Allium allexiviruses including garlic virus A (GarV-A), garlic virus B (GarV-B), garlic virus C (GarV-C), and Shallot virus X (ShVX). The obtained results showed that 22/44 (50%) samples were found to be infected with one of the tested viruses. Mixed infections were detected in 13/22 samples (59.1%) with more than one virus. However, 13.6%, 0% and 27.2% were detected as single infection with GarV-A, GarV-B and GarV-C respectively. RT-PCR amplification with general allexiviruses primer (750 bp) and specific primers for GarV-A (1330 bp), GarV-B (1216 bp) and GarV-C (1557 bp) were used to detect the respective viruses. The phylogenetic tree and nucleotide sequence analysis of one of each GarV-A (OQ397541), GarV-B (OQ397542) and GarV-C (OQ397543) with general primer for allexiviruses while one isolate of each GarV-A (ON155441), GarV-B (OR343811) and two isolates of GarV-C (ON155445, and ON155446) with specific primers showed their similarity with their respective viruses from GenBank. In host range study, Chenopodium amaranticolor, Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum and Allium cepa expressed necrotic lesions, mosaic and yellowing symptoms respectively against GarV-A, GarV-B and GarV-C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of GarV-A, GarV-B, and GarV-C in Saudi Arabia.

Elevated MRPS23 expression facilitates aggressive phenotypes in breast cancer cells

Faiz Ali Khan — 2025-01-12

Mitochondrial ribosomal protein S23 (MRPS23), encoded by a nuclear gene, is a well-known driver of proliferation in cancer. It participates in mitochondrial protein translation, and its expression association has been explored in many types of cancer. However, MRPS23 expression associations are rarely reported in breast cancer (BC). In this study, we explored the MRPS23 expression in BC cells compared with the non-tumoral breast cells. Overexpression and knockdown analysis of MRPS23 were performed in BC cells. Transfection efficiency was evaluated by western blot and qRT-PCR analysis. The role of MRPS23 in the malignant biological behaviors of BC cells was investigated using in-vitro experiments. Our results demonstrate that MRPS23 was aberrantly overexpressed at both the transcript and protein levels in BC cells. Additional findings reveal that deficiency of MRPS23 is associated with a decrease in cell proliferation/viability and compromised cell migration/invasion in BC cells. Relative to the sh-Ctrl group, the expression levels of cadherin, SNAI 1, and TWIST 1 decreased in the MRPS23 knockdown BC cells. We further found a significant decrease in the expression levels of Cyclin D1, Axin 2, LEF1, NKD1, and Survivin in MRPS23 knockdown cells. In conclusion, we found an association between MRPS23 knockdown and the metastasis ability of BC cells. These findings reveal that MRPS23 significantly decreases the migration and invasion of BC, thus inhibiting BC progression. We confirmed for the first time that MRPS23 expression determines the metastasis features of BC. Hence, the findings justify the key role of this protein in BC progression; therefore, it may be a potential therapeutic target for BC therapy.

Investigating intrauterine exposure to methamphetamine on serine-threonine kinase pathway in male rat testis

Sina Danesh Pasand — 2025-01-12

Today, methamphetamine (METH) is being used by adolescents and young adults. Our previous research demonstrated that intrauterine exposure to METH induces apoptosis in testicles and seminiferous tubes. However, based on available literature, the mechanism of this effect remains unidentified. This study aimed to investigate proteins involved in sperm growth and development pathways, such as testis-specific serine/threonine kinases (TSSK) and receptor-interacting protein kinases 2 (RIPK2), and to study the serine-threonine kinase pathway in the testes of rats whose mothers received intraperitoneal METH during pregnancy. In the present study, female rats during pregnancy received either 5 or 10 mg/kg of METH or normal saline for ten days. After reaching maturity, their testes were isolated and examined for histopathological and immunohistochemical mechanisms. Results were analyzed and reported using statistical software. Results revealed that following intrauterine exposure to METH, TSSK protein expression reduced from 52.68±2.4% in the control group to 48.04±2.29% in the 2 mg/kg/day group and 12.83±3.35% in the 5 mg/kg/day group with P=0.0029 and F=72.63. In addition, RIPK2 protein expression increased from 8.34±2.69% in the control group to 31.17±3.69% in the 2 mg/kg/day group and 98.49±4.66% in the 5 mg/kg/day group, with p=0.0037 and F=61.14. Histopathological findings indicated a reduction in the thickness of germ layers following intrauterine exposure to METH, with the seminiferous tubule’s thickness decreasing. Inflammatory cell populations increased, and the number of vessels decreased due to intrauterine exposure to METH. Our study suggests intrauterine exposure to METH increases the prevalence of inflammatory cell populations, enhances RIPK2 protein expression, reduces the number of vessels, reduces the diameter of seminiferous tubes, decreases TSSK protein expression, and reduces the thickness of germ layers in testicular tissue. Apoptosis of spermatid cells observed in our previous study may be related to the signaling pathways of TSSK and RIPK2 proteins.

Evaluation of the antiproliferative effect of histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) CI-994 and Liposomal Cisplatin LipoPlatin on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells as monotherapy and combined therapy

İdil Çetin — 2025-01-12

In this study, the effects of histone deacetylase inhibitor CI-994 and nanotechnological drug liposomal cisplatin LipoPlatin on Luminal A breast cancer and triple-negative breast cancer were explored using agents alone and in combination. MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines were used. Cell viability, and cell index values obtained from xCELLigence System, MI, BrdU LI and AI were evaluated in experiments. In monotherapy applications, 10 μM, 20 μM and 40 μM concentrations of CI-994 and 80 μM, 160 μM, and 250 μM concentrations of LipoPlatin were applied to both cell lines. IC₅₀ concentration of CI-994 was 10 μM for both cell lines. While IC₅₀concentration of LipoPlatin was 80 μM for Luminal A breast cancer cell line, this concentration was 160 μM for triple-negative breast cancer cell line. The application of a combination of CI-994 and Lipoplatin for each cell line has shown that while there was a significant decrease in cell viability, mitotic index (MI), and BrdU labeling index (LI), there was a significant increase in AI. Consequently, it was thought that combined treatments were more efficient than single medication applications and decreased the cell prognosis with a synergistic and additive impact.

Comparison of different fixatives effects in histochemical stainings of peripheral nerve tissue

Muhammet Bahaeddin Dörtbudak — 2025-01-12

A pathological condition in the peripheral nerve tissue, which provides the connection between the organism and the external environment, negatively affects the standard of living. The nerve tissue histotechnology is of serious importance both for scientific studies and for clinical diagnosis. The fixation, which is one of the leading procedures for histological examination of tissues, aims to preserve tissue morphology. Another essential part of the histological examination is staining process. This study, it was aimed to determine the fixative that provides optimal histological appearance in peripheral nerve tissue. Therefore, various histochemical stainings of tissues fixed with some fixatives used in practice were compared. Sciatic nerves from each rat (n=7) used in the study were fixed with different fixatives and histochemical staining was performed. In histological examination, cellular (nucleus-cytoplasm) and intercellular morphological details, staining intensity and distribution were evaluated. At the end of the study, formaldehyde was found to be the most ideal fixing agent for all stains. Although Bouin and Carnoy fixatives differed according to the staining type, their fixation quality was similar in general. Glutaraldehyde did not give as good results as other fixatives in all stainings. This study is an important technical reference for clinical and experimental studies.

Relationships between genetic polymorphisms of IL-1β and rheumatoid arthritis

Nawres Adnan Abdulameer — 2025-01-12

This study aimed to investigate the association between the interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) gene polymorphism (rs2853550) and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a sample of the Iraqi population. The study included 100 RA patients and 100 healthy controls. Demographic characteristics, including age and gender, were collected and compared between the two groups. The IL-1β (rs2853550) polymorphism was genotyped using the ARMS-PCR method. The distribution of genotypes and alleles of the IL-1β (rs2853550) polymorphism was significantly different between RA patients and healthy controls. The frequency of the heterozygous AG genotype was significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (33% vs. 25%, p=0.001). The odds ratio for RA in individuals with the AG genotype was 1.5038 (95% CI: 0.7274-3.1086), indicating that it may be a potential risk factor. Additionally, the frequency of the G allele was significantly higher in RA patients compared to controls (129 vs. 109, p=0.0021), with an odds ratio of 1.5169 (95% CI: 1.0151-2.2667). The present study demonstrates that the IL-1β (rs2853550) polymorphism is associated with an increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis in the Iraqi population. The AG genotype and the G allele of this polymorphism may serve as genetic markers for susceptibility to RA.

The relationship of irisin, apelin-13, and immunological markers il-1α & amp, il-1β with diabetes in kidney failure patients

Nawar A. Sakran — 2025-01-12

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often complicated by diabetes, impacting various biochemical and immunological markers. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between irisin, apelin-13, and immunological markers IL-1α and IL-1β in diabetic patients with CKD. This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to June 2023 in a tertiary care hospital in Tikrit City, Iraq. This study included 120 CKD patients and a control group including 20 healthy individuals. Patients were included in the study by convenience sampling method. Participants were evaluated using ELISA kits for irisin, apelin-13, and cytokines, with blood samples analyzed for relevant biochemical markers. Patients had irisin levels of 10.98 ± 2.5 ng/mL, significantly different from non-diabetic patients (12.40 ± 3.54 ng/mL) and controls (5.36 ± 1.06 ng/mL) (p<0.001). Apelin-13 was higher in diabetic patients (537.71 ± 124.78 pg/mL) compared to controls (181.26 ± 29.98 pg/mL) (p<0.001). IL-1α levels in diabetic patients were 715.30 ± 392.48 pg/mL, significantly higher than in control patients (206.27 ± 26.49 pg/mL) (p<0.001). IL-1β levels were 351.50 ± 81.82 pg/mL in diabetics, also higher than in control (145.79 ± 38.49 pg/mL) (p<0.001). The study highlights significant associations between biochemical markers and CKD in diabetic patients. Elevated levels of irisin, apelin-13, IL-1α, and IL-1β may serve as potential biomarkers for diabetes-related CKD complications.

Morbidity and mortality associated with ESBL Klebsiella pneumoniae infection in different administration routes in albino rats

Ali M.Hussein — 2025-01-12

Klebsiella pneumoniae is a non-motile, encapsulated, environmental gram-negative bacterium. Once the bacteria have infiltrated the body, they can display substantial degrees of resistance to drugs and virulence. Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs) are most typically seen in K. pneumoniae. The objective of this study was to investigate the morbidity and mortality associated with ESBL K. pneumoniae infection in different albino rat administration route groups. Four cohorts of albino rats were acquired and categorized into the subsequent groups: inhalation, oral administration via food, water, and control group. Each group was infected independently and the isolate administration lasted 6 days. The clinical diagnosis revealed the presence of K. pneumoniae infection. Within one day of infection, the inhalation group exhibited the initial clinical signs and symptoms, such as red eyes, coughing, and closed eyelids. Subsequently, the infection was verified through the process of sample cultivation. Additionally, blood clinical findings, including blood tests such as CBC, lipid profile, CRP, and kidney and liver function tests, further supported the confirmation of the infection. The K. pneumoniae isolates had a severe influence on the CBC, liver, and kidney functioning causing elevated liver enzymes, and high RBC levels with impaired kidney functioning. Due to K. pneumonia's affinity for lung tissue, it had the greatest impact in the albino rat inhalation group.

Assessment of bacteriological and immunological markers in urinary tract infection and the effect of antibiotics on the isolated bacteria

Wisam F. Hameed — 2025-01-12

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are recognized as the second most common medical condition, following respiratory infections. Despite the availability of numerous efficacious antibiotics for the management of UTIs, the rising incidence of bacterial resistance presents significant challenges in the treatment of these infections. Bacteria are endowed with the ability to reproduce and develop resistance mechanisms against antibiotics. The current investigation aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of bacterial isolates from urinary tract infections (UTIs) to a variety of antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, amikacin, gentamicin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, nitrofurantoin, meropenem, and novobiocin. Additionally, the study sought to quantify the levels of the inflammatory immune marker interleukin-6 (IL-6) in UTI patients. It also explored the correlation between IL-6 levels in UTI patients and healthy controls, as well as the relationship between IL-6 levels and blood parameters in both infected and healthy individuals. The present study involved the collection of 155 samples from patients diagnosed with urinary tract infections of both genders and varying age groups, ranging from 15 to 75 years, at Salah al-Din General Hospital. The findings revealed that 102 urine samples tested positive for bacterial growth, resulting in a prevalence rate of 68%. In contrast, 53 urine samples were negative for bacterial growth, reflecting a prevalence rate of 32%. The diagnostic outcomes for all isolates, following the application of laboratory diagnostic methodologies, revealed a diverse array of bacterial species, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The immunological analysis revealed a statistically significant increase (p < 0.05) in IL-6 concentrations in the positive control group compared to the levels observed in the infected cohort. Our study concluded that significant antibiotic resistance in UTI pathogens, emphasizing the need for tailored treatments.

Seroprevalence of specific antibodies to Treponema pallidum in blood donors with DNA confirmation of seropositivity

Haween T. Nanakaly — 2025-01-12

The rising global incidence of syphilis underscores the risk of transmission through blood transfusions. Treponema pallidum, the pathogen responsible for syphilis, represents a major public health challenge. Accurate detection is essential for controlling the disease, particularly in asymptomatic blood donors. This study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of specific antibodies against T. pallidum in blood donors, confirmed by DNA testing for seropositivity. The goal was to enhance our understanding of syphilis exposure and improve the safety of blood donations. A total of 1,260 HIV, HCV, and HBsAg-negative blood donors were screened for T. pallidum-specific antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Initially, reactive samples were re-evaluated, and those repeatedly reactive were classified as seropositive for syphilis. ELISA-positive samples were further tested for T. pallidum DNA using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Data analysis was done using SPSS with a level of significance p< 0.05 Of 1,260 blood donors, the seroprevalence of anti-T. pallidum antibodies was 0.158%, with both positive cases confirmed by PCR. The prevalence was 0.2% in males and 0.00% in females, with no significant gender differences (P > 0.05). The highest prevalence was in the 31-40 age group (0.5%), but this was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences by donation type or marital status. Significant associations were observed with educational level (P < 0.05), with higher prevalence among high school graduates Our results confirm syphilis in Iraqi blood donors, highlighting the need for routine T. pallidum ELISA screening at transfusion centers. Positive cases should be discarded and affected donors treated. ELISA is an effective primary screening method, consistent with WHO guidelines for low-prevalence settings, and is essential for preventing transfusion transmission.

The impact of COVID-19 infection on thyroid function

Esraah Alharris — 2025-01-12

Extensive research on COVID-19 has revealed a notable link between the disease and thyroid disorders, highlighting complex interactions between thyroid hormones, immunomodulatory signaling molecules within the thyroid gland, and viral infections. This study evaluated the relationship between thyroid function and COVID-19 in Iraqi patients at Adiwaniyah Teaching Hospital. The cohort for this investigation comprised all patients who were admitted to the isolation center at the Teaching Hospital during the timeframe extending from January 2024 to June 2024. Each participant included in this research underwent comprehensive evaluations of their thyroid function, which is composed of the measurement of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), total triiodothyronine (T3), and serum total thyroxine (T4) levels. Results showed that the serum T4 levels in all participants included in the study were observed to range from 20 to 182 (ng/dl), with the average concentration recorded at 87.26 ± 38.29 (ng/dl); no statistically significant disparity was noted in the mean serum T4 levels relative to the severity of the disease (p = 0.291). The serum TSH levels across all enrolled individuals spanned from 0.03 to 82 (mU/L), with a mean concentration of 5.55 ± 12.36 (mU/L); similarly, there was no statistically significant difference in the mean serum TSH levels when assessed against the disease severity (p = 0.926). According to the serum thyroid hormone concentrations, the cohort was stratified into 17 (24.6%) individuals classified as hypothyroid, 34 (49.3%) categorized as euthyroid, and 18 (26.1%) identified as hyperthyroid. Furthermore, no significant correlation was identified between the disease's severity and the participants' thyroid status (p = 0.556). In conclusion, patients with COVID-19 are liable to develop thyroid function abnormalities that may explain several of the long-term symptoms associated with the disease.

Mechanisms and implications of antibiotic resistance in gram-positive bacterial strains

Naifa Alenazi — 2025-01-12

Antibiotics play a fundamental role in protecting millions of lives from infectious diseases. However, an important drawback of antibiotic treatment is that each advancement was followed by the development of resistance. This is due to the fact that the majority of pathogenic bacteria are capable of becoming resistant to a number of antimicrobial agents. There are a number of resistance mechanisms the microorganism may possess naturally or by acquisition from other microorganisms. The main mechanisms of resistance to a medication include altering its target, preventing its absorption, causing it to efflux actively, and rendering it inactive. Many types of gram-positive bacteria that cause serious infections in both the community and healthcare system are listed among the most dangerous bacteria according to the WHO's published list, which calls for the development of novel antibiotics to address the resistance issue. The following three strains, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, are of special importance. Therefore, this review highlighted the main mechanisms and consequences of antibiotic resistance in Gram-positive bacterial strains.

Evaluation of serum levels of irisin, tumor necrosis factor and some biochemical variables in males with prostate cancer in Baghdad City

Hanan Shihab Ahmad — 2025-01-12

Prostate cancer is the most common type after the age of fifty. It affects males and affects the prostate gland, which protects the function of sperm by producing semen. The current study was designed to evaluate prostate cancer infection effects on some biomarkers such as irisin, Tumor necrosis factor-TNF-α, prostate acid phosphates -PAP, Glutathione-GSH, malondialdehyde-MDA, urea, and creatinine. The study was conducted on 50 males infected with prostate cancer and 30 healthy males (control group) who attended the Baghdad Teaching Hospital –Medical City Center/Baghdad, Iraq, from 20/6/2024 to 1/8/2024. The results of the current research showed a significant elevation in (Irisin, TNF-α, PAP, MDA, urea, and creatinine) concentration and a significant decrease in (GSH) concentration in the serum of patients compared to the healthy subjects in the probability of P≤0.05. Irisin and some variables are important physiological biomarkers that can support the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Antimicrobial activity of Enterococcus-derived bacteriocins against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Ghufran nazam Adul-Hur — 2025-01-12

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a key concern in clinical settings due to its high level of resistance to antibiotics, making infections given rise to this bacterium very problematic to treat. The rise of multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a danger to treatments and stresses the necessity to find new antimicrobial drugs. In a neoteric study, P. aeruginosa was found in a suction machine tube, affirming the importance of identifying and managing potential sources of infection in healthcare facilities—many strains of Enterococcus faecium output bacteriocins, which are antimicrobial compounds. The study aimed to produce, isolate, purify, and characterize a new bacteriocin from E. Faecium found in stool samples and to investigate the effects of E. Faecium and its bacteriocin on multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa in laboratory conditions. E. faecium is a kind of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) set up in the intestines of both humans and animals. In a study, stool specimens from 79 healthy individuals aged 5 to 35 were collected, yielding 70 isolates of Enterococcus spp. These bacteria exhibit growth in aerobic conditions and are identified through the API20 method. A crude preparation was made to extract the E. faecium bacteriocin by combining it with n-butanol in a 1:1 ml ratio in BHIB and then refining it using an ion exchange column. Through this purification process, the final specific activity of purified enterocin GH reached 38.19 U mg with a 4761.9 purification fold. The molecular weight of the E. faecium bacteriocin was determined using ion exchange chromatography. The study also examines how temperature and pH affect the activity of pure enterocin GH using Staphylococcus aureus and P. aeruginosa Type Culture Collection. Both crude and purified enterocin GH from E. faecium exhibited significant antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa isolates when compared to the control (p<0.05). Additionally, the antibiofilm activity of enterocin GH was found to be more effective than penicillin (p<0.05) in preventing biofilm formation on the suction machine's tube.

Clinical and molecular analysis of ESBL, carbapenemase, and colistin-resistant bacteria in UTI patients

Farooq Ali — 2025-01-12

Uropathogens, particularly bacteria, can infect any part of the urinary tract and cause bacteriuria. Our study aimed to examine the antibiotic-resistant profile, associated risk factors, and phenotypic and genotypic features of ESBL, carbapenemase, and mcr resistance genes in multidrug-resistant bacteria. Samples were inoculated on culture media, identified using standard biochemical tests, and species confirmation was performed via 16S rRNA gene amplification. Furthermore, antibiotic susceptibilities were evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. The phenotypically confirmed resistant strains were further inspected for ESBL, carbapenemases, and mcr variants using PCR. Merely 57.24% (83/145) of the samples exhibited growth. Of these, 39.70% (33/83) were identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae, 27.70% (23/83) as Escherichia coli, 10.80% (9/83) as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 9.60% (8/83) as Staphylococcus aureus, 7.20% (6/83) as Proteus mirabilis, and 4.80% (4/83) as Staphylococcus saprophyticus. Overall, 22.54% (16/71) of the gram-negative strains were confirmed molecularly to have resistant genes. The ESBL – producers accounted for 21.74% (5/23) of E. coli, 21.21% (7/33) of K. pneumoniae, and 22.22% (2/9) of P. aeruginosa. Likewise, carbapenemase-harboring strains included 6.06% (2/33) of K. pneumoniae, 4.35% (1/23) of E. coli, and 11.11% (1/9) of P. aeruginosa. Notably, 3.03% (1/33) of K. pneumoniae, 8.70% (2/23) of E. coli, and 11.11% (1/9) of P. aeruginosa strains tested positive for the mcr-1 gene. None of the Proteus strains showed any resistant genes. The most common variants were bla_SHV-11 (non-ESBL) and bla_CTX-M-15 (ESBL) accounted for 28.57% (4/14) each, bla_TEM-116 accounted for 14.29% (2/14), bla_SHV-1, bla_SHV-75, bla_TEM-1 and bla_OXA-1 accounted for 7.14% (1/14) each of the ESBL. Similarly, the carbapenemase variants included bla_OXA-48, bla_NDM-1, bla_VIM-1, and bla_KPC-2, each accounting for 25.0% (1/4), while 37.50% (6/16) of the strains exhibited co-existence of different gene variants. Based on our findings, it can be concluded that females, especially those in middle age, were more infected. These pathogens exhibited a wide range of ESBL, carbapenemase, and mcr-1 variants. Imipenem was suggested as the preferred medication.

Vitamin E improves the reproductive system of male rats exposed to busulfan chemotherapy

Ameer Hameed Kadhim — 2025-01-12

Vitamin E is a well-known antioxidant and is frequently used as an adjunct treatment in cancer therapy. Busulfan is a commonly used drug for cancer treatment. In this study, twenty-eight male rats, ten weeks old and weighing between 250 and 300 grams, were divided into four groups. The first group served as the control and received daily intraperitoneal injections of Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for four weeks. The second group received a single dose of Busulfan at 40 mg/kg body weight via intraperitoneal injection. The third group received the same single dose of Busulfan along with daily intraperitoneal injections of Vitamin E at 100 mg/kg body weight for four weeks. The fourth group was given only Vitamin E at the same dosage for four weeks. At the end of the experiment, the animals were sacrificed, and blood samples were collected to test antioxidant enzyme levels (GSH, SOD, CAT) and analyze serum concentrations of reproductive hormones (FSH, LH, and testosterone). Additionally, sperm motility and viability were assessed after collecting epididymal spermatozoa. The findings revealed that Busulfan significantly increased serum levels of both FSH and LH while causing a notable decrease in testosterone levels. Furthermore, Busulfan treatment resulted in a significant reduction in sperm count, motility, and viability, along with a marked increase in sperm morphological abnormalities. In contrast, supplementation with Vitamin E alongside Busulfan improved hormone levels and enhanced sperm function. In conclusion, Busulfan has a toxic effect on sperm and directly impacts body weight and testicular weight. However, Vitamin E demonstrates beneficial therapeutic effects on testicular tissue and enhances sperm production in rats treated with Busulfan.

Variants of the ABCG2 gene in Mexican mestizo patients with prostate cancer

Gabriela Monserrat Mimendi-Aguilar — 2025-01-12

ABCG2 transporter protein is one of several markers of prostate cancer stem cells (PCSCs). Gene variants of ABCG2 could affect protein expression, function, or both. The aim of this study was to identify the genetic variability of the ABCG2 gene in Mexican patients with prostate cancer. Genomic DNA (gDNA) was obtained from peripheral blood samples of 32 Mexican patients with prostate cancer. ABCG2 gene was sequenced. The electropherograms were analyzed using mutation surveyor DNA mutation analysis software (Softgenetics). The ABCG2 gene sequence revealed the presence of 22 variants: 19 previously described and three previously undescribed gene variants as part of the ABCG2 gene variability in the Mexican mestizo population (R263K G>A, R378K G>A, and Q531Q G>A). No ABCG2 variant was identified in one patient, but 1 to 12 variants were identified in the remaining 31 patients. The transition G>A was the most frequently found substitution. The largest number of ABCG2 variants was located in exon 9, and at least one of them was present in 28 of the 31 subjects in the Mexican population. The individual genetic variability of ABCG2 should be analyzed, considering its possible usefulness in personalized medicine in patients with prostate cancer.