Issue
Evaluation of relationship between aerobic fitness level and range of isocapnic buffering periods during incremental exercise test
Corresponding Author(s) : O. Ozcelik
Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Vol. 63 No. 3: Issue 3
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the amount of O2 uptake (VO2) in the range of isocapnic buffering (ICB) periods and aerobic fitness levels of subjects with different exercise tolerance levels. A total of 50 young male subjects (20.8±0.4 years) performed an incremental exercise test using a cycle ergometer to determinetheir anaerobic threshold (AT), respiratory compensation point (RCP) and maximal exercise capacity (Wmax). The ICB period is defined as the region between AT and RCP. Pulmonary gas exchange parameters were measured breath-by-breath using a respiratory gas analyser. The subjects' fitness levels, as indicated by peak O2 uptake to body weight ratios (VO2peak/BW), ranged from 28 ml/min/kg to 58 ml/min/kg, and Wmax capacity to body weight ratio (Wmax/BW) ranged from 1.94 W/min/kg to 3.96 W/min/kg. The VO2 in the range of ICB periodsranged from 101 ml to 793 ml (with an average of 295±157 ml). There was a positive linear correlation between VO2peak/BW, Wmax/BW and range of ICB: R=0.76542 (p<0.0001), and R=0.92135 (p<0.0001), respectively. The results of this study suggest that the range of ICB periods may be related to aerobic fitness. Importantly, aerobic fitness levels should be evaluated and considered important data, in addition toAT, VO2peak/BW and Wmax/BW.
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- Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, Stringer W, Whipp BJ. Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation: Including Pathophysiology and Clinical Applications. 5th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York, NY, U S A, 2012.
- Whipp BJ, Davis JA, Wasserman K. Ventilatory control of the 'isocapnic buffering' region in rapidly-incremental exercise. Respir Physiol 1989; 76:357-67.
- Rausch SM, Whipp BJ, Wasserman K, Huszczuk A. Role of the carotid bodies in the respiratory compensation for the metabolic acidosis of exercise in humans. J Physiol 1991; 444:567-78.
- Hirakoba K, Yunoki T. Blood lactate changes during isocapnic buffering in sprinters and long distance runners. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 2002;21:143-9.
- Ozcelik O, Ward SA, Whipp BJ. Effect of altered body CO2 stores on pulmonary gas exchange dynamics during incremental exercise in humans. Exp Physiol 1999; 84:999-1011.
- Whipp BJ, Davis JA, Torres F, Wasserman K. A test to determine parameters of aerobic function during exercise. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1981; 50:217–21.
- Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1986; 60:2020-7.
- Whipp BJ, Ward SA, Wasserman K. Respiratory markers of the anaerobic threshold. Adv Cardiol 1986; 35:47-64.
- Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyal SN, Cleary MG. Effect of carotid body resection on ventilatory and acid-base control during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1975; 39:354-8.
- Riley M, Nicholls DP, Nugent AM, Steele IC, Bell N, Davies PM, et al. Respiratory gas exchange and metabolic responses during exercise in McArdle's disease. J Appl Physiol 1993; 75:745-54.
- Hagberg JM, Coyle EF, Carroll JE, Miller JM, Martin WH, Brooke MH. Exercise hyperventilation in patients with McArdle's disease. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1982; 52:991-4.
- Ozcelik O, Ozkan Y, Algul S, Colak R. Beneficial effects of training at the anaerobic threshold in addition to pharmacotherapy on weight loss, body composition, and exercise performance in women with obesity. Patient Prefer Adherence 2015; 9:999-1004.
- Bentley DJ, Vleck VE, Millet GP. The isocapnic buffering phase and mechanical efficiency: relationship to cycle time trial performance of short and long duration. Can J Appl Physiol 2005; 30:46-60.
- Lenti M, de Vito G, Scotto di Palumbo A, Sbriccoli P, Quattrini FM, Sacchetti M. Effects of aging and training status on ventilatory response during incremental cycling exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:1326-32.
- Scheuermann BW, Kowalchuk JM. Attenuated respiratory compensation during rapidly incremented ramp exercise. Respir Physiol 1998; 114:227-38.
- Takano N. Respiratory compensation point during incremental exercise as related to hypoxic ventilatory chemosensitivity and lactate increase in man. Jpn J Physiol 2000; 50:449-55.
- Ward SA, Whipp BJ. Kinetics of the ventilatory and metabolic responses to moderate-intensity exercise in humans following priorexercise-induced metabolic acidaemia. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010; 669: 323-6.
- Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Davis JA. Respiratory physiology of exercise: metabolism, gas exchange, and ventilatory control. Int Rev Physiol 1981; 23:149-211.
- Agostoni P, Valentini M, Magri D, Revera M, Caldara G, Gregorini F, et al. Disappearance of isocapnic buffering period during increasing work rate exercise at high altitude. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15:354-8.
- Miyamoto Y, Niizeki K. Ventilatory responses during incremental exercise in men under hyperoxic conditions. Jpn J Physiol 1995; 45:59-68.
- Oshima Y, Miyamoto T, Tanaka S, Wadazumi T, Kurihara N, Fujimoto S. Relationship between isocapnic buffering and maximal aerobic capacity in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997; 76:409-14.
- Yen YS, Yang SH, Chou CL, Jui Su DC, Chow JC, Chou W. The clinical significance of isocapnic buffering phase during exercise testing: An overview. Int J Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 3:272.
- Ozcelik O, Aslan M, Ayar A, Kelestimur H. Effects of body mass index on maximal work production capacity and aerobic fitness during incremental exercise. Physiol Res 2004; 53:165-70.
- Hasanli M, Nikooie R, Aveseh M, Mohammad F. Prediction of aerobic and anaerobic capacities of elite cyclists from changes in lactate during isocapnic buffering phase. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:321-9.
- Boning D, Rojas J, Serrato M, Reyes O, Coy L, Mora M. Extracellular pH defense against lactic acid in untrained and trained altitude residents. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103:127-37.
- Heinonen I, Kemppainen J, Kaskinoro K, Peltonen JE, Sipilä HT, Nuutila P, et al. Effects of adenosine, exercise, and moderate acute hypoxia on energy substrate utilization of human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:385-90.
- Ponsot E, Dufour SP, Doutreleau S, Lonsdorfer-Wolf E, Lampert E, Piquard F, et al. Impairment of maximal aerobic power with moderate hypoxia in endurance athletes: do skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role?. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:558-66.
References
Wasserman K, Hansen JE, Sue DY, Stringer W, Whipp BJ. Principles of Exercise Testing and Interpretation: Including Pathophysiology and Clinical Applications. 5th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, New York, NY, U S A, 2012.
Whipp BJ, Davis JA, Wasserman K. Ventilatory control of the 'isocapnic buffering' region in rapidly-incremental exercise. Respir Physiol 1989; 76:357-67.
Rausch SM, Whipp BJ, Wasserman K, Huszczuk A. Role of the carotid bodies in the respiratory compensation for the metabolic acidosis of exercise in humans. J Physiol 1991; 444:567-78.
Hirakoba K, Yunoki T. Blood lactate changes during isocapnic buffering in sprinters and long distance runners. J Physiol Anthropol Appl Human Sci 2002;21:143-9.
Ozcelik O, Ward SA, Whipp BJ. Effect of altered body CO2 stores on pulmonary gas exchange dynamics during incremental exercise in humans. Exp Physiol 1999; 84:999-1011.
Whipp BJ, Davis JA, Torres F, Wasserman K. A test to determine parameters of aerobic function during exercise. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1981; 50:217–21.
Beaver WL, Wasserman K, Whipp BJ. A new method for detecting anaerobic threshold by gas exchange. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1986; 60:2020-7.
Whipp BJ, Ward SA, Wasserman K. Respiratory markers of the anaerobic threshold. Adv Cardiol 1986; 35:47-64.
Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Koyal SN, Cleary MG. Effect of carotid body resection on ventilatory and acid-base control during exercise. J Appl Physiol 1975; 39:354-8.
Riley M, Nicholls DP, Nugent AM, Steele IC, Bell N, Davies PM, et al. Respiratory gas exchange and metabolic responses during exercise in McArdle's disease. J Appl Physiol 1993; 75:745-54.
Hagberg JM, Coyle EF, Carroll JE, Miller JM, Martin WH, Brooke MH. Exercise hyperventilation in patients with McArdle's disease. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exerc Physiol 1982; 52:991-4.
Ozcelik O, Ozkan Y, Algul S, Colak R. Beneficial effects of training at the anaerobic threshold in addition to pharmacotherapy on weight loss, body composition, and exercise performance in women with obesity. Patient Prefer Adherence 2015; 9:999-1004.
Bentley DJ, Vleck VE, Millet GP. The isocapnic buffering phase and mechanical efficiency: relationship to cycle time trial performance of short and long duration. Can J Appl Physiol 2005; 30:46-60.
Lenti M, de Vito G, Scotto di Palumbo A, Sbriccoli P, Quattrini FM, Sacchetti M. Effects of aging and training status on ventilatory response during incremental cycling exercise. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 25:1326-32.
Scheuermann BW, Kowalchuk JM. Attenuated respiratory compensation during rapidly incremented ramp exercise. Respir Physiol 1998; 114:227-38.
Takano N. Respiratory compensation point during incremental exercise as related to hypoxic ventilatory chemosensitivity and lactate increase in man. Jpn J Physiol 2000; 50:449-55.
Ward SA, Whipp BJ. Kinetics of the ventilatory and metabolic responses to moderate-intensity exercise in humans following priorexercise-induced metabolic acidaemia. Adv Exp Med Biol 2010; 669: 323-6.
Wasserman K, Whipp BJ, Davis JA. Respiratory physiology of exercise: metabolism, gas exchange, and ventilatory control. Int Rev Physiol 1981; 23:149-211.
Agostoni P, Valentini M, Magri D, Revera M, Caldara G, Gregorini F, et al. Disappearance of isocapnic buffering period during increasing work rate exercise at high altitude. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2008; 15:354-8.
Miyamoto Y, Niizeki K. Ventilatory responses during incremental exercise in men under hyperoxic conditions. Jpn J Physiol 1995; 45:59-68.
Oshima Y, Miyamoto T, Tanaka S, Wadazumi T, Kurihara N, Fujimoto S. Relationship between isocapnic buffering and maximal aerobic capacity in athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 1997; 76:409-14.
Yen YS, Yang SH, Chou CL, Jui Su DC, Chow JC, Chou W. The clinical significance of isocapnic buffering phase during exercise testing: An overview. Int J Phys Med Rehabil 2015; 3:272.
Ozcelik O, Aslan M, Ayar A, Kelestimur H. Effects of body mass index on maximal work production capacity and aerobic fitness during incremental exercise. Physiol Res 2004; 53:165-70.
Hasanli M, Nikooie R, Aveseh M, Mohammad F. Prediction of aerobic and anaerobic capacities of elite cyclists from changes in lactate during isocapnic buffering phase. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 29:321-9.
Boning D, Rojas J, Serrato M, Reyes O, Coy L, Mora M. Extracellular pH defense against lactic acid in untrained and trained altitude residents. Eur J Appl Physiol 2008; 103:127-37.
Heinonen I, Kemppainen J, Kaskinoro K, Peltonen JE, Sipilä HT, Nuutila P, et al. Effects of adenosine, exercise, and moderate acute hypoxia on energy substrate utilization of human skeletal muscle. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 302:385-90.
Ponsot E, Dufour SP, Doutreleau S, Lonsdorfer-Wolf E, Lampert E, Piquard F, et al. Impairment of maximal aerobic power with moderate hypoxia in endurance athletes: do skeletal muscle mitochondria play a role?. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 298:558-66.