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Copyright (c) 2025 Sahar Abdul Wahhab Alsamarai, Waqas Saadi Mahmood, Ammar mohmed alwan, Melda Dölarslan
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The undersigned hereby assign all rights, included but not limited to copyright, for this manuscript to CMB Association upon its submission for consideration to publication on Cellular and Molecular Biology. The rights assigned include, but are not limited to, the sole and exclusive rights to license, sell, subsequently assign, derive, distribute, display and reproduce this manuscript, in whole or in part, in any format, electronic or otherwise, including those in existence at the time this agreement was signed. The authors hereby warrant that they have not granted or assigned, and shall not grant or assign, the aforementioned rights to any other person, firm, organization, or other entity. All rights are automatically restored to authors if this manuscript is not accepted for publication.Interplay of upper respiratory tract microbiota, ımmune response, and molecular dynamics in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Corresponding Author(s) : Sahar Abdul Wahhab Alsamarai
Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Vol. 71 No. 6: Issue 6
Abstract
Understanding the interplay between upper respiratory tract microbiota, immune responses, and molecular changes is critical for improving the diagnosis and management of SARS-CoV-2 infections. In this study, we investigated the association between respiratory tract microbiota composition, immune markers, and molecular diagnostic parameters in 123 RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 patients. Co-infection rates with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria were high, particularly in the nasopharynx (35.4% and 64.4%, respectively), highlighting the risk of secondary bacterial infections. Diagnostic evaluation showed that RT-PCR cycle threshold (Ct) values and serological markers (IgG, IgM) had high sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing infection status. Lower Ct values correlated with higher viral loads and acute infection, while antibody levels reflected immune response dynamics. Significant correlations were observed between bacterial presence and immune parameters such as ACE-2, FASL, and RBD. These findings underscore the importance of integrated diagnostic approaches that consider microbiota, molecular, and immunological markers for effective management of COVID-19 and its complications.
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