The effect of Ultraviolet-B irradiation on the photodegradation of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin as inhibitors of bacterial DNA replication and cell division in urea medium

Ansam Alhassani; Abdulkadir A. Alnakshbandi; Marwan S. Al-Nimer

doi:10.14715/cmb/2020.66.7.9

Issue

Vol. 66 No. 7: Issue 7

Issue Published : November 9, 2020

The undersigned hereby assign all rights, included but not limited to copyright, for this manuscript to CMB Association upon its submission for consideration to publication on Cellular and Molecular Biology. The rights assigned include, but are not limited to, the sole and exclusive rights to license, sell, subsequently assign, derive, distribute, display and reproduce this manuscript, in whole or in part, in any format, electronic or otherwise, including those in existence at the time this agreement was signed. The authors hereby warrant that they have not granted or assigned, and shall not grant or assign, the aforementioned rights to any other person, firm, organization, or other entity. All rights are automatically restored to authors if this manuscript is not accepted for publication.

The effect of Ultraviolet-B irradiation on the photodegradation of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin as inhibitors of bacterial DNA replication and cell division in urea medium

https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2020.66.7.9

Ansam Alhassani

College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Abdulkadir A. Alnakshbandi

College of Pharmacy, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Marwan S. Al-Nimer

Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, Iraq

Corresponding Author(s) : Ansam Alhassani

ansamalhassani@gmail.com

Cellular and Molecular Biology, Vol. 66 No. 7: Issue 7
Article Published : October 31, 2020

Abstract

Ciprofloxacin hydrochloride and Norfloxacin are second-generation fluoroquinolone antibiotic against bacterial DNA gyrase, which reduces DNA strain throughout replication. As DNA gyrase is essential through DNA replication, subsequent DNA synthesis and cell division are inhibited. Direct photolysis of fluoroquinolones was studied by using UV irradiation in the presence or absence of other substances that generate free radicals. This study aimed to assess the effect of Ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation in removing ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin by using a simulating model of wastewater contained urea at pH 4. A known concentration of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin were prepared in an appropriate aqueous solution in presence or absence 0.2M urea and adjusted at pH 4. The dissolved drugs were irradiated with UVB-lamp in a dark place for 60 minutes. The percent of removal and the rate of elimination (k) of each drug were calculated. The direct photolysis effect of UVB irradiation was observed with ciprofloxacin which amounted to 24.4% removal compared with12.4% removal of norfloxacin after 60 minutes of irradiation. The effect of UVB irradiation was enhanced by urea to reach 38.9% and 15% for ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin. The calculated k of ciprofloxacin has amounted to three folds of that of norfloxacin. Direct photolysis of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin can be achieved simply by using a simulation model of 0.2 M urea and UVB irradiation at pH 4. UVB is highly effective in removing ciprofloxacin compared with norfloxacin by 2-3 folds.

Keywords

Ultraviolet B irradiation Photolysis Ciprofloxacin Norfloxacin Urea

Alhassani, A., Alnakshbandi, A. A., & Al-Nimer, M. S. (2020). The effect of Ultraviolet-B irradiation on the photodegradation of ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin as inhibitors of bacterial DNA replication and cell division in urea medium. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 66(7), 51–55. https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2020.66.7.9

Download Citation

References

Verlicchi P, Al Aukidy M, Galletti A, Petrovic M, Barcelo D. Hospital effluent -Investigation of the concentrations and distribu¬tion of pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment. Sci To¬tal Environ 2012; 430:109-118.
Vulliet E, Cren-Olive C. Screening of pharmaceuticals and hor¬mones at the regional scale, in surface and groundwaters intended to human consumption. Environ Pollut 2011; 159:2929-2934
Huang C-H, Renew JE, Smeby KL, Pinkston K, Sedlak DL. As¬sessment of potential antibiotic contaminants in water and prelimina¬ry occurrence analysis. J Contemp Water Res Educ 2001;120(1):30- 40
Klanćar A, Trontelj J, Kristl A, Justin MZ, Roškar R. Levels of pharmaceuticals in Slovene municipal and hospital wastewaters: a preliminary study. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2016; 67(2):106-15.
Hamjinda NS, Chiemchaisri W, Watanabe T, Honda R, Chiem¬chaisri C. Toxicological assessment of hospital wastewater in dif¬ferent treatment processes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Jun 24.
Li B, Zhang T. pH significantly affects removal of trace antibiotics in chlorination of municipal wastewater. Wa¬ter Res 2012;46(11):3703-13
Marx C, Günther N, Schubert S, Oertel R, Ahnert M, Krebs P, Kuehn V.Mass flow of antibiotics in a wastewater treatment plant focusing on removal variations due to operational parameters. Sci Total Environ 2015; 538:779-88
Tiefenbacher EM, Haen E, Przybilla B, Kurz H. Photodegrada¬tion of some quinolones used as antimicrobial therapeutics. J Pharm Sci. 1994 Apr;83(4):463-7
Paul T, Liu J, Machesky ML, Strathmann TJ. Adsorption of zwitterionic fluoroquinolone antibacterials to goethite: A charge distribution-multisite complexation model. J Colloid interface Sci; 428:63-72.
Wang L, Qiang Z, Li Y, Ben W. An insight into the removal of fluoroquinolones in activated sludge process: Sorption and biodegradation characteristics. J Environ Sci 2017; 56:263-71.
Serna-Galvis EA, Ferraro F, Silva-Agredo J, Torres-Palma RA. Degradation of highly consumed fluoroquinolones, penicillins and cephalosporins in distilled water and simulated hospital wastewa¬ter by UV254 and UV254/persulfate processes. Water Res 2017; 122:128-38.
Serna-Galvis EA, Montoya-Rodríguez D, Isaza-Pineda L, Ibáñez M, Hernández F, Moncayo-Lasso A, Torres-Palma RA. Sonochemi¬cal degradation of antibiotics from representative classes-Conside¬rations on structural effects, initial transformation products, antimi¬crobial activity and matrix. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 50:157-65.
Shabani M, Haghighi M, Kahforoushan D, Heidari S. Grain-like bismuth-rich bismuth/bismuth oxychlorides intra-heterojunction: Efficacious solar-light-driven photodegradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics and 2-level factorial approach. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019; 96:243-55.
Albini A, Monti S. Photophysics and photochemistry of fluoro¬quinolones. Chem Society Rev 2003;32(4):238-50.
Sponza DT, Koyuncuoglu P. Photodegradation of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin antibiotics and their photo-metabolites with sunlight. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 4:1-10.
Chen M, Chu W. Photocatalytic degradation and decomposition mechanism of fluoroquinolones norfloxacin over bismuth tungstate: experiment and mathematic model. Appl Catal B; 168:175-82.
An T, Yang H, Li G, Song W, Cooper WJ, Nie X. Kinetics and mechanism of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in degradation of ciprofloxacin in water. Appl Catal B 2010; 94(3-4):288-94.
Fukui K, Yonezawa T, Shingu H. A molecular orbital theory of reactivity in aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chem Physics 1952; 20(4):722-5.
Torniainen K, Mattinen J, Askolin CP, Tammilehto S. Structure elucidation of a photodegradation product of ciprofloxacin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997; 15(7):887-94.
An T, Yang H, Song W, Li G, Luo H, Cooper WJ. Mechanistic considerations for the advanced oxidation treatment of fluoroquino¬lone pharmaceutical compounds using TiO2 heterogeneous cataly¬sis. J Physic Chem A; 114(7):2569-75.
Bull HB, Breese K, Ferguson GL, Swenson CA. The pH of urea solutions. Arch Biochem Biophysic 1964; 104(2):297-304.
Duan LC, Wang FH, Zhao B, Chen YJ. Photodegradation of Ci¬profloxacin Hydrochloride in the Aqueous Solution Under UV. Huan Jing Ke Xue.2016; 37(1): 198-207.
Snowberger S, Adejumo H, He K, Mangalgiri KP, Hopanna M, Soares AD, Blaney L. Direct Photolysis of Fluoroquinolone Anti¬biotics at 253.7 nm: Specific Reaction Kinetics and Formation of Equally Potent Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics. Environ Sci Technol. 2016; 50(17):9533-42
Liang C, Zhao H, Deng M, Quan X, Chen S, Wang H. Impact of dissolved organic matter on the photolysis of the ionizable antibiotic norfloxacin. J Environ Sci (China). 2015; 27:115-123.
Babić S, Periša M, Å korić I. Photolytic degradation of norfloxa¬cin, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in various aqueous media. Che¬mosphere. 2013;91(11):1635-42.
Wammer KH, Korte AR, Lundeen RA, Sundberg JE, McNeill K, Arnold WA. Direct photochemistry of three fluoroquinolone anti¬bacterials: norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and enrofloxacin. Water Res 2013; 47(1):439-48.
Bordbar M, Darvishzadeh R, Pazhouhandeh M, Kahrizi D. An overview of genome editing methods based on endonucleases. Mo¬dern Genetics J 2020; 15(2): 75-92.

References

Verlicchi P, Al Aukidy M, Galletti A, Petrovic M, Barcelo D. Hospital effluent -Investigation of the concentrations and distribu¬tion of pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment. Sci To¬tal Environ 2012; 430:109-118.

Vulliet E, Cren-Olive C. Screening of pharmaceuticals and hor¬mones at the regional scale, in surface and groundwaters intended to human consumption. Environ Pollut 2011; 159:2929-2934

Huang C-H, Renew JE, Smeby KL, Pinkston K, Sedlak DL. As¬sessment of potential antibiotic contaminants in water and prelimina¬ry occurrence analysis. J Contemp Water Res Educ 2001;120(1):30- 40

Klanćar A, Trontelj J, Kristl A, Justin MZ, Roškar R. Levels of pharmaceuticals in Slovene municipal and hospital wastewaters: a preliminary study. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2016; 67(2):106-15.

Hamjinda NS, Chiemchaisri W, Watanabe T, Honda R, Chiem¬chaisri C. Toxicological assessment of hospital wastewater in dif¬ferent treatment processes. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2015 Jun 24.

Li B, Zhang T. pH significantly affects removal of trace antibiotics in chlorination of municipal wastewater. Wa¬ter Res 2012;46(11):3703-13

Marx C, Günther N, Schubert S, Oertel R, Ahnert M, Krebs P, Kuehn V.Mass flow of antibiotics in a wastewater treatment plant focusing on removal variations due to operational parameters. Sci Total Environ 2015; 538:779-88

Tiefenbacher EM, Haen E, Przybilla B, Kurz H. Photodegrada¬tion of some quinolones used as antimicrobial therapeutics. J Pharm Sci. 1994 Apr;83(4):463-7

Paul T, Liu J, Machesky ML, Strathmann TJ. Adsorption of zwitterionic fluoroquinolone antibacterials to goethite: A charge distribution-multisite complexation model. J Colloid interface Sci; 428:63-72.

Wang L, Qiang Z, Li Y, Ben W. An insight into the removal of fluoroquinolones in activated sludge process: Sorption and biodegradation characteristics. J Environ Sci 2017; 56:263-71.

Serna-Galvis EA, Ferraro F, Silva-Agredo J, Torres-Palma RA. Degradation of highly consumed fluoroquinolones, penicillins and cephalosporins in distilled water and simulated hospital wastewa¬ter by UV254 and UV254/persulfate processes. Water Res 2017; 122:128-38.

Serna-Galvis EA, Montoya-Rodríguez D, Isaza-Pineda L, Ibáñez M, Hernández F, Moncayo-Lasso A, Torres-Palma RA. Sonochemi¬cal degradation of antibiotics from representative classes-Conside¬rations on structural effects, initial transformation products, antimi¬crobial activity and matrix. Ultrason Sonochem 2019; 50:157-65.

Shabani M, Haghighi M, Kahforoushan D, Heidari S. Grain-like bismuth-rich bismuth/bismuth oxychlorides intra-heterojunction: Efficacious solar-light-driven photodegradation of fluoroquinolone antibiotics and 2-level factorial approach. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019; 96:243-55.

Albini A, Monti S. Photophysics and photochemistry of fluoro¬quinolones. Chem Society Rev 2003;32(4):238-50.

Sponza DT, Koyuncuoglu P. Photodegradation of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin antibiotics and their photo-metabolites with sunlight. Clin Microbiol Infect 2019; 4:1-10.

Chen M, Chu W. Photocatalytic degradation and decomposition mechanism of fluoroquinolones norfloxacin over bismuth tungstate: experiment and mathematic model. Appl Catal B; 168:175-82.

An T, Yang H, Li G, Song W, Cooper WJ, Nie X. Kinetics and mechanism of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in degradation of ciprofloxacin in water. Appl Catal B 2010; 94(3-4):288-94.

Fukui K, Yonezawa T, Shingu H. A molecular orbital theory of reactivity in aromatic hydrocarbons. J Chem Physics 1952; 20(4):722-5.

Torniainen K, Mattinen J, Askolin CP, Tammilehto S. Structure elucidation of a photodegradation product of ciprofloxacin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1997; 15(7):887-94.

An T, Yang H, Song W, Li G, Luo H, Cooper WJ. Mechanistic considerations for the advanced oxidation treatment of fluoroquino¬lone pharmaceutical compounds using TiO2 heterogeneous cataly¬sis. J Physic Chem A; 114(7):2569-75.

Bull HB, Breese K, Ferguson GL, Swenson CA. The pH of urea solutions. Arch Biochem Biophysic 1964; 104(2):297-304.

Duan LC, Wang FH, Zhao B, Chen YJ. Photodegradation of Ci¬profloxacin Hydrochloride in the Aqueous Solution Under UV. Huan Jing Ke Xue.2016; 37(1): 198-207.

Snowberger S, Adejumo H, He K, Mangalgiri KP, Hopanna M, Soares AD, Blaney L. Direct Photolysis of Fluoroquinolone Anti¬biotics at 253.7 nm: Specific Reaction Kinetics and Formation of Equally Potent Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics. Environ Sci Technol. 2016; 50(17):9533-42

Liang C, Zhao H, Deng M, Quan X, Chen S, Wang H. Impact of dissolved organic matter on the photolysis of the ionizable antibiotic norfloxacin. J Environ Sci (China). 2015; 27:115-123.

Babić S, Periša M, Å korić I. Photolytic degradation of norfloxa¬cin, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in various aqueous media. Che¬mosphere. 2013;91(11):1635-42.

Wammer KH, Korte AR, Lundeen RA, Sundberg JE, McNeill K, Arnold WA. Direct photochemistry of three fluoroquinolone anti¬bacterials: norfloxacin, ofloxacin, and enrofloxacin. Water Res 2013; 47(1):439-48.

Bordbar M, Darvishzadeh R, Pazhouhandeh M, Kahrizi D. An overview of genome editing methods based on endonucleases. Mo¬dern Genetics J 2020; 15(2): 75-92.

Author biographies is not available.