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Copyright (c) 2025 Tanveer Ibrahim, Feroza Hamid Wattoo, Muhammad Hamid Sarwar Wattoo, Asif Ahmad, Muhammad Sheeraz Ahmad, Hussain Ali, Syed Hassan Bin Usman Shah, Rida Fatima Saeed, Umar Farooq, Juweria Abid, Sajeela Akram, Zoha Imtiaz Malik, Abdul Momin Rizwan Ahmad
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The undersigned hereby assign all rights, included but not limited to copyright, for this manuscript to CMB Association upon its submission for consideration to publication on Cellular and Molecular Biology. The rights assigned include, but are not limited to, the sole and exclusive rights to license, sell, subsequently assign, derive, distribute, display and reproduce this manuscript, in whole or in part, in any format, electronic or otherwise, including those in existence at the time this agreement was signed. The authors hereby warrant that they have not granted or assigned, and shall not grant or assign, the aforementioned rights to any other person, firm, organization, or other entity. All rights are automatically restored to authors if this manuscript is not accepted for publication.Urea adulteration alters raw milk composition and induces renal tissue damage: a molecular and histopathological study
Corresponding Author(s) : Abdul Momin Rizwan Ahmad
Cellular and Molecular Biology,
Vol. 71 No. 6: Issue 6
Abstract
This study investigates the impact of urea adulteration in raw milk on milk quality, safety, and renal tissue integrity, addressing a significant public health concern, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries where over 76.6% of milk samples have compromised quality and 77.89% are adulterated. Raw milk samples were analyzed for quality parameters, adulterants, and the presence of synthetic by-products using FTIR. In vivo studies in mice were conducted to assess the histopathological effects of urea-adulterated milk on renal and liver tissues. Results revealed that urea adulteration leads to significant alterations in milk composition, including changes in fat content from 5.73% to 0.6% in boiled milk, solids-not-fat from 9.11% to 12.84%, protein from 3.61% to 5.28%, and lactose content from 3.81% to 5.57%, alongside the formation of synthetic compounds such as lactose monohydrate and polyvinyl stearate. Histological examination of mice kidneys exposed to urea-adulterated milk demonstrated morphological, inflammatory, degenerative, congestive, and necrotic changes. This study highlights the cellular-level damage induced by urea adulteration, emphasizing its potential to induce neoplastic changes in renal tissues and underscoring the need for stringent monitoring of milk quality to safeguard public health.
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