Issue

Vol. 66 No. 7: Issue 7

The undersigned hereby assign all rights, included but not limited to copyright, for this manuscript to CMB Association upon its submission for consideration to publication on Cellular and Molecular Biology. The rights assigned include, but are not limited to, the sole and exclusive rights to license, sell, subsequently assign, derive, distribute, display and reproduce this manuscript, in whole or in part, in any format, electronic or otherwise, including those in existence at the time this agreement was signed. The authors hereby warrant that they have not granted or assigned, and shall not grant or assign, the aforementioned rights to any other person, firm, organization, or other entity. All rights are automatically restored to authors if this manuscript is not accepted for publication.

A comprehensive review of histopathological findings of infections induced by COVID-19

https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2020.66.7.22
Salah Tofik Jalal Balaky
Medical Microbiology Department , College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Irbil, Iraq
Sahar Mohammed Zaki Abdullah
Medical Microbiology Department , College of Health Sciences, Hawler Medical University, Kurdistan Region, Irbil, Iraq
Markov Alexander
Tyumen State Medical University, Tyumen, Russian Federation
Marwah Suliman Maashi
Medical Laboratory Science Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Ayad F. Alkaim
Chemistry Department, College of Science for Women, University of Babylon, Iraq
Sara shahriyari
Student of Medical Science, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
Fariba Tabari
Assistant Professor, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Elham Kazemi
Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

Corresponding Author(s) : Fariba Tabari

ftabari@tums.ac.ir

Cellular and Molecular Biology, Vol. 66 No. 7: Issue 7

Abstract

The severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-Coronavirus (CoV2) virus, first identified in Wuhan, China, caused the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which soon became a global pandemic, as labelled by the World Health Organization (WHO). The transmission method of the infection is primarily through droplets of various sizes. The SARS-CoV2 virus leads to a severe respiratory illness which in the first place causes the simulation of the acute respiratory syndrome. In order to diagnose of COVID-19 efficiently, samples with infection probability need to be examined through histopathological methods. Survival chances of the infected can remarkably increase if the virus is diagnosed timely by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or computed tomography (CT) scan of the chest. One of the destructive effects of COVID-19 is the formation of ground-glass opacity (GGO) in the lungs which might be regarded to be equivalent to high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). COVID-19 acts very similarly to SARS and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) which can be inactivated by the chemical compounds of ethanol and sodium hypochlorite. Epidemiologic characteristics of COVID-19 have been indicated by numerous studies; however, there is still a lack of details of pathologic changes in the lung. The present comprehensive review is an attempt to assess and cover the current state of knowledge on COVID-19 disease based on the histopathologic studies conducted before May 2020.

Keywords

COVID-19 Pneumonia Clinical features Biopsy Histopathological changes.
Balaky, S. T. J., Zaki Abdullah, S. M., Alexander, M., Maashi, M. S., Alkaim, A. F., shahriyari, S., Tabari, F., & Kazemi, E. (2020). A comprehensive review of histopathological findings of infections induced by COVID-19. Cellular and Molecular Biology, 66(7), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2020.66.7.22
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX
References
  1. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2019; 382:727–733. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017.
  2. Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H, et al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet. 2020; 395(10224):565–74. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.
  3. Hoffmann M, Kleine-Weber H, Schroeder S, Krüger N, Herrler T, Erichsen S, et al. SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor. Cell. 2020; Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0092867420302294.
  4. Perlman S. Another decade, another coronavirus. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382:760–762.
  5. Guarner J. Three emerging Coronaviruses in two decades the story of SARS, MERS, and now COVID-19. Editorial Am J Clin Pathol. 2020; DOI:10.1093/AJCP/AQAA029.
  6. Gorbalenya A. E. Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus–The species and its viruses, a statement of the Coronavirus Study Group. bioRxiv. 2020; Jan 1.
  7. World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus disease (COVID-2019) situation reports. 131. 2020. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports.
  8. Wu Z, McGoogan J. M. Characteristics of and Important Lessons from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Outbreak in China: Summary of a Report of 72 314 Cases From the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA.2020, Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762130.
  9. Wang W, Xu Y, Gao R, Lu R, Han K, Wu G, et al. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Types of Clinical Specimens. JAMA. 2020; Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2762997.
  10. Woong K. B, Soo-Yeon S, Ahmed M, Robert H. A Comprehensive Review of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2. Cureus. 2020; 12(5): e7943. doi:10.7759/cureus.7943.
  11. Bialek S, Boundy E, Bowen V, Chow N, Cohn A, Dowling N, et al. CDC COVID-19 Response Team. Severe outcomes among patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)”United States. 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020; 69:343–6. DOI: External LinkPubMedExternal Link
  12. Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, Zhang J, Huang L, Zhang C, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med 2020; 8: 420–422. DOIExternal LinkPubMedExternal Link.
  13. Tian S, Hu W, Niu L, Liu H, Xu H, Xiao S-Y. Pulmonary Pathology of Early-Phase 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pneumonia in Two Patients with Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol. 2020. Available from: https://www.jto.org/article/S1556-0864(20)30132-5/abstract.
  14. Barton L. M, Duval E. J, Stroberg E, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. COVID-19 Autopsies, Oklahoma, USA. Am J Clin Pathol. 2020; 153:725–33.
  15. Menter T, Haslbauer J. D, Nienhold R, et al. Post-mortem examination of COVID19 patients reveals diffuse alveolar damage with severe capillary congestion and variegated findings of lungs and other organs suggesting vascular dysfunction. Histopathol 2020; his.14134; Epub ahead of print. DOI: 10.1111/his.14134.
  16. Wichmann D, Sperhake J. P, Lütgehetmann M, Steurer S, Edler C, Heinemann A, et al. Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2020; M20-2003; Epub ahead of print]. DOIExternal Link.
  17. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li X, Shan H. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARSCoV-2. Gastroenterol 2020; S0016508520302821.
  18. World Health Organization. (WHO). Infection prevention and control during health care when novel coronavirus (nCoV) infection is suspected: interim guidance, 25 January 2020. World Health Organization; 2020; 1-5. https://www.who.int/publications-detail/infection-prevention-and-control-during-health-care-when-novel-corona%20virus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected-20200125.
  19. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDCP). Interim guidance for healthcare facilities: preparing for community transmission of COVID-19 in the United States. 2020; Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/healthcare-facilities/guidance-hcf.html.
  20. Tan S. S, Yan B, Saw S, et al. Practical laboratory considerations amidst the COVID-19 outbreak: early experience from Singapore. J Clin Pathol; 2020; https://doi.org/10.1136/jclinpath-2020-206563. In press.
  21. Iwen P. C, Stiles K. L, Pentella M. A. Safety considerations in the laboratory testing of specimens suspected or known to contain the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Am J Clin Pathol; 2020; https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/aqaa047. In press.
  22. Sharon E. F, Aibek A, Jack L. H, et al. Pulmonary and Cardiac Pathology in Covid-19: The First Autopsy Series from New Orleans. Lancet J Respir Med 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30243-5.
  23. Kuster G. M, Pfister O, Burkard T, et al. SARS-CoV2: should inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system be withdrawn in patients with COVID-19? Eur Heart J. 2020; 41(19):1801-1803. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa235.
  24. Sufang T, Yong X, Huan L, et al. Pathological study of the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) through post-mortem core biopsies. Modern Pathol 2020; doi:10.1038/s41379-020-0536-x.
  25. Huilan Z, Peng Z, Yanqiu W, Huihui Y, et al. Histopathologic Changes and SARS-CoV-2 Immunostaining in the Lung of a Patient with COVID-19. Ann Intern Med American College of Physicians. 2020; 172(9, 5).
  26. Zhou P, Yang X. L, Wang X. G, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020; [PMID: 32015507] doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.
  27. Corman V. M, Landt O, Kaiser M, et al. Detection of 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) by real-time RT-PCR. Euro Surveill. 2020; 25. [PMID: 31992387] doi:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.3.2000045.
  28. Rodriguez-Morales A. J, Cardona-Ospina J. A, Gutierrez-Ocampo E, et al. Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis 2020;101623.
  29. Benjamin T. Bradley, Heather Maioli, Robert Johnston, et al. Histopathology and Ultrastructural Findings of Fatal COVID-19 Infections. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. 2020; Doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.17.20058545.
  30. Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, Zhu F, Liu X, Zhang J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients with 2019 Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020; 323(11):1061.
  31. Krishna S, Paul A. I. Dangers of ACE inhibitor and ARB usage in COVID-19: evaluating the evidence. Clinic Pharmacol Therapeutic 2020; DOI: 10.1002/cpt.1863.
  32. Fang L, Karakiulakis G, Roth M. Are patients with hypertension and diabetes mellitus at increased risk for COVID-19 infection? Lancet Respir Med. 2020; [cited 2020 Mar 29];0(0). Available from: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(20)30116-8/abstract.
  33. Elena C, Carmine V, Annibale A. P. COVID-19 Infection and Circulating ACE2 Levels: Protective Role in Women and Children. OPINION. 2020; doi: 10.3389/fped.2020.00206.
  34. Amita J. COVID-19 and lung pathology. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2020; 63:171-2. http://www.ijpmonline.org/text.asp?2020/63/2/171/282688.
  35. Martines R. B, Ritter J. M, Matkovic E, Gary J, Bollweg BC, Bullock H, et al.; COVID-19 Pathology Working Group. Pathology and pathogenesis of fatal COVID-19 cases associated with SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2609.202095.
  36. Kevin K, Montserrat B, Ronald W. A. L, et al. Ultrastructural Characterization of Arterivirus Replication Structures: Reshaping the Endoplasmic Reticulum to Accommodate Viral RNA Synthesis. J Virolog 2020; p. 2474–2487. Doi:10.1128/JVI.06677-11.
  37. Kimball A, Hatfield KM, Arons M, James A, Taylor J, Spicer K, et al.; Public Health–Seattle & King County; CDC COVID-19 Investigation Team. Asymptomatic and presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections in residents of a long-term care skilled nursing facility”King County, Washington, March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020; 69:377–81.
  38. Arons M. M, Hatfield K. M, Reddy S. C, Kimball A, James A, Jacobs J. R, et al. Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility. N Engl J Med. 2020; NEJMoa2008457.
  39. Luo Y, Trevathan E, Qian Z, Li Y, Li J, Xiao W, et al. Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in household contacts of a healthcare provider, Wuhan, China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2020; 26.
  40. Zhang C, Shi L, Wang F. S. Liver injury in COVID-19: management and challenges. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 5:428–30.
  41. Zhou J, Chu H, Li C, et al. Active replication of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus and aberrant induction of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in human macrophages: implications for pathogenesis. J Infect Dis. 2014; 209:1331-1342.
  42. Guan W. J, Ni Z. Y, Hu Y, Liang W. H, Ou C. Q, He J. X, et al.; China Medical Treatment Expert Group for Covid-19. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020; 382:1708–20. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2002032.
  43. Zhe X, Lei S, Yijin W, Jiyuan Z, et al. Pathological fndings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Respir Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X.
  44. Robert J. M. Pathogenesis of COVID-19 from a cell biology perspective. Eur Respir J. 2020; 55: 2000607. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00607-2020.
  45. Yu F, Du L, Ojcius DM, Pan C, Jiang S. Measures for diagnosing and treating infections by a novel coronavirus responsible for a pneumonia outbreak originating in Wuhan, China. microbes Infect 2020; 22: 74-79.
  46. Wang R, Zhang X, Irwin DM, Shen Y. Emergence of SARS-like coronavirus poses new challenge in China. J Infect 2020; 80:350e371.
  47. Reusken C, Broberg E. K, Haagmans B, et al. Laboratory readiness and response for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in expert laboratories in 30 EU/EEA countries, January 2020; Euro Surveill. 2020;25. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.6.2000082.
  48. Winichakoon P, Chaiwarith R, Liwsrisakun C, et al. Negative nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swab does not rule out COVID-19. J Clin Microbiol; 2020; https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00297-20.
  49. David S. C. H, Paul K. S. C. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome and Coronavirus. Infect Dis Clin N Am 24. 2010; 619–638.
  50. Fan Z, C L, Li J, Tian C, Zhang Y, Huang S, Liu Z, Cheng J. Clinical Features of COVID-19-Related Liver Functional Abnormality. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020; 18(7):1561-1566. doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.04.002.
  51. Cai Q, Deliang H, Hong Y, et al. Characteristics of Liver Tests in COVID-19 Patients. J Hepatol 2020; DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.006.
Read More
Author biographies is not available.
Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC
Download this PDF file
PDF
Statistic
Read Counter : 1050 Download : 515

Most read articles by the same author(s)